Historien om opfindelsen af batteriet
I 1786 var der en anatom ved navn Galvani ved universitetet i Bologna i Italien. Da han lavede et frødissektionseksperiment, fandt han ud af, at når en metalskalpel rørte ved frøens muskler, ville frøen hoppe og benene krampe. Opdagelsen var meget overraskende, og han mente, at der var bioelektricitet her.
In the eighteenth century AD, people's understanding of electricity mainly came from triboelectricity and lightning in nature, so the previous phenomena related to electricity, such as fur friction and Leiden bottle, were all static electricity. The discovery of the same phenomenon as triboelectricity on frog legs was indeed surprising at the time. After the publication of this result in 1791, it attracted great attention.
For example, it caught the attention of Volta, another university professor in Italy. Volta repeated and tested Galvani's experiment. After repeating it many times, he thought: Could the phenomenon of frog leg spasms have nothing to do with living things? Maybe a frog leg is just a conductor?
For at bevise dette punkt fjernede han alle biologiske faktorer og brugte to forskellige metaller til at generere elektricitet. Faktisk brugte han til sidst forskellige metaller som reaktivt zink og inaktivt sølv eller kobber, nedsænket i pap med saltvand, til at generere en kontinuerlig elektrisk strøm. Dette er det første batteri i menneskehedens historie - den voltaiske bunke.
The "Volta Pile" made by Volta himself is now in the Volta Museum in Italy. Image source: Wikipedia
This study by Volta in 1800 changed the understanding of electricity from static electricity to electrokinetic electricity. Napoleon, who had conquered Italy at the time, recognized the importance of this research and granted him the title of Lord Volta. Until now the unit of voltage in our physics "volt" is also named after him.
Of course, the importance of this work is not only in winning the prize, it lays the foundation for the emergence and development of electromagnetism. Faraday's electromagnetic induction experiment was done in 1831. If there was no voltaic pile at the beginning, Faraday would have no way to do electromagnetic induction experiments, and human beings would have no way to establish a system of electromagnetic knowledge.
So was Galvani wrong? In fact, Galvani is very insistent on his own views. He believes that his experiments are no problem, and he has done a long time to verify it. Volta said that the current came from two different metals. Galvani simply did an experiment without using any metal. He used the nerves of a frog to touch the muscles of the frog's legs, and found that the frog's legs would still spasm, which means that even if there is no metal, there is no In the external voltaic pile, living things will also respond to electrical signals, and there is still bioelectricity.
Så Galvani havde også ret. Dette fænomen gav efter flere års intensiv forskning anledning til moderne elektrofysiologi. Vi tager på hospitalet til elektrokardiogrammer og elektroencefalogrammer, som alle er relateret til elektrofysiologi. Både USA og Kina studerer neurovidenskab og hjernevidenskab. Disse signaltransmissioner er baseret på den strøm, der genereres af ioner i den menneskelige krop.
Det er tænkeligt, at den akademiske debat mellem Galvani og Volta på vendestadiet fra det attende århundrede til det nittende århundrede var meget meningsfuld for opbygningen af det menneskelige videnssystem.
